New Insight 2010 Portable
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Analysis of the composition of a urinary stone is one of the most important steps in the clinical management of patients with urolithiasis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and petrographic microscopy are the techniques currently used. Novel technical developments in recent years - such as Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging - have resulted in new approaches to improve urinary stone analysis. In future, table-top portable systems may be used that allow stones to be rapidly examined directly after the operation. These systems may even be integrated into lithotripsy laser systems.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is not only the most widely consumed starchy-root staple but also an emerging multi-purpose and industrial crop in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Parmar et al. 2017). This clonally propagated species shows remarkable adaptation to diverse agro-ecologies and can produce reasonable yield under marginal conditions of climate and soil (Jarvis et al. 2012). In addition, its flexible harvest window allows the crop to be left in the soil as a food reserve. These properties make cassava an ideal food security crop with an increasing trend in global production (Prudencio and Al-Hassan 1994; Burns et al. 2010).
Among agronomic traits, harvest index and plant type were included in the present study. Harvest index reflects the partitioning of resources between the storage roots and above-ground biomass (Sinclair 1998). The desirable harvest index values for the crop range from 0.5 to 0.7 (Kawano et al. 1978, 1998). Plant type in cassava can be characterised by four general descriptive shapes, namely cylindrical, umbrella, compact, and open. Plants with cylindrical shapes do not form branches and are most preferred for mechanised farming. Umbrella plant types generally branch at a high level (above 1 m) and have fewer levels of branching whereas compact and open types are characterised by low first branching height and multiple branching levels but differ in the angle of branches and erectness of the stems (Fukuda et al. 2010).
Cassava root periderm colour varies from cream through light brown to dark brown while that of the cortex includes cream, pink and purple. The few but predominant farmer-preferred varieties in Africa often have a pink or purple cortex and dark brown periderm. However, there is no proven genetic correlation between these traits and the culinary properties in cassava. On the other hand, industrial processing into starch and flour production generally utilise whole roots after mechanical periderm removal. These industries prefer varieties with white/cream periderm to ensure bright-coloured products. Finally, we also assessed the genetic architecture of stem colour, another morphological descriptor used for variety identification and varies from orange to dark-brown (Fukuda et al. 2010).
Candidate loci were explored using a combination of GWAS p values, local linkage disequilibrium (measured as \(r^2\)), and gene annotation using the gff3 file of the cassava genome available on phytozome v.12.1 ( ) (Goodstein et al. 2011; Batra et al. 2014). This information set was summarised for each candidate loci using Locus zoom (Pruim et al. 2010). To obtain a regional zoom plot for each candidate locus, we built a local SQLite database including the 101,521 biallelic SNP marker matrix, associated GWAS p-values for each trait analysed and the cassava gene-annotation following instructions available at _Standalone. Gene codes were shortened to ease visualisation, and whenever possible, Arabidopsis thaliana homologues were noted. Recombination information was provided using the same approach as described in Wolfe et al. (2016). A standard interval of 100 kb (50 kb upstream, 50 kb downstream) was explored for each candidate locus and adjusted according to the extent of local linkage disequilibrium with the candidate SNP (r2
Harvest index GWAS analysis highlighted two regions on chromosome 2 and 12, respectively. On chromosome 2, the candidate SNP (S2_2809137) is located 24 Kbp away Manes.02G035900 a homologue of BFRUCT4 (vacuolar invertase) a key enzyme in sucrose hydrolysis and involved in the export of reduced carbon sink organs such as roots (Haouazine-Takvorian et al. 1997; Nägele et al. 2010). For leaf shape, a candidate gene Manes.15G136200, homologous to KNOX1 that is implicated in the expression of diverse leaf shapes in plants was found around 186 Kb away from the major locus on chromosome 15 tagged by SNP S15_10273255 (Furumizu et al. 2015). Candidate gene search around the major locus for petiole colour and leaf greenness tagged by SNP S1_23452638 revealed the presence of a Myb transcription factor homologue Manes.01G115400, which occurred 30.7 Kb away from the top marker. Myb genes are known to play a crucial role in regulating pigment biosynthesis pathway in plants (Nesi et al. 2001; Kobayashi et al. 2002; Himi and Noda 2005; Allan et al. 2008; Furumizu et al. 2015).
Many traits of interest to crop improvement are positively or negatively correlated. Such correlations can cause unfavourable changes in traits that are important but that are not under direct selection. Alternatively, one trait can be used to indirectly select for another positively correlated trait which is more difficult to phenotype. Genetic correlations among traits can arise due to linkage disequilibrium or pleiotropy (a single gene having multiple otherwise unrelated biological effects, or shared regulation of multiple genes) (Chen and Lübberstedt 2010). Correlations due to linkage disequilibrium tend to be temporary and are generally considered to be less critical than pleiotropy. Of particular importance is the negative correlation observed between total carotenoid content variation and dry matter content which confirms previous findings (Ceballos et al. 2013; Njoku et al. 2015; Esuma et al. 2016; Ceballos et al. 2017; Rabbi et al. 2017; Okeke et al. 2018). Both genetic linkage and pleiotropy are plausible reasons for the inverse relationship. The linkage hypothesis is supported by the co-location of major QTLs for these traits on chromosome 1 and the presence of major genes in the biochemical pathways in close proximity.
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The authors would like to thank Akash Rawat, Shreyas Waikar, and Sayantani Mazumder for their work in analyzing survey data and highlighting insights, as well as their contributions to shaping the direction of the overall global study. We would like to thank Ankit Dhameja for his support with insights development through industry research and Gautham Dutt for his design and visualization support. We would also like to thank Susanne Hupfer and the various subject matter experts in the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Brazil for their assistance and guidance with the global study.
The compact size of the FV-2010 makes it easier and less expensive to ship, which is especially important to international customers. It comes with a universal power supply, allowing the unit to be used worldwide.
The LEDs used in the FV-2010 have a pure white light, providing a very uniform illumination and have a theoretical life expectancy of 50,000 hours! That computes to 25 years without having to buy and change bulbs. The LEDs use much less electricity and generate significantly less heat than conventional lamps, which is better for the environment.
The FV-2010 is engineered to provide many years of use. It uses a low voltage / constant current power supply specifically designed to extend the life of the LEDs. The FV-2010 is supplied with a Dimmer Control that allows intensity to be adjusted over the range of: 0 - 100%. A Foot Switch is also provided.
H2S Monitoring In The PastIn most cases where exposure to H2S is possible, company procedures call for personnel to wear portable detection devices and take appropriate precautions if an action point concentration is detected. The past practice of many companies has been to use electronic H2S detectors and monitor for conditions that exceed older ACGIH guidelines. Typically, they have monitored H2S using the more stringent operating exposure limit (OEL) -- i.e., a 10 ppm ceiling averaged over one minute. Using this procedure, H2S meters are typically set to alarm at 10 ppm and action is taken to reduce exposure, usually by leaving the area or by using SCBA equipment when air concentrations go above 10 ppm. 2ff7e9595c
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